Referencing at the end of your work

In both systems, the Harvard and Numeric, you have to identify the author(s), the date of publication, the name of the book or journal and so on. You may be asked to produce a reference list or a reference list and a bibliography.

NB:

• References - a list (usually at the end of a piece of work) that includes all documents you refer to in your writing in alphabetic order according to the surname of the author.
• Bibliography - a list of works you consulted, whether or not you referred to them in the text (again in alphabetic order)..

In the Numeric System:

• references are numbered in the order you quote them in the text
• the date of publication goes at the very end of a book reference.
  In journal references, it goes after the journal's title and before the volume or part number.

In the Harvard system:

• references appear alphabetically in order of authours' names
• underlining can be used instead of italics if bibliography is handwritten

The following examples are using the Harvard system:

Please note that these are examples of bibliography entries for different formats. In a bibliography there is no need to differentiate books from websites etc. Please see the sample reference list for the order of bibliographies.

Book

Walsh, M., 1998. Models and critical pathways in clinical nursing: conceptual frameworks for care planning. 2nd ed. London: Bailliere Tindall.

Journal

Dening, F., 1993. Patient controlled analgesia. British Journal of Nursing, Vol.2, (5), pp. 274-277.

Websites

The Business Continuity Institute ( 2006) Mission Statement [online]. Available from World Wide Web: http://www.thebci.org/about.htm [accessed 11 April, 2006].

RefWorks

For larger projects you might find RefWorks useful. (You need an Athens username and password.) This is a Web-based citation and bibliography management tool that lets you import references directly from some online databases, as well as creating them manually. You can use these references in writing papers and to create a bibliography automatically. Changing your RefWorks account to your new Athens password.

Next: Sample reference list uses the Harvard system

Updated: 6 December, 2010 | Effective Learning Service | Legal